What Remains is an 8-bit game, blending visual novel and adventure elements. The story translates real events from the 80’s into an epic quest to save the world.

The game lets you experience the fight against industry disinformation, showing you several ways to push back and regain agency by joining forces with others. 

The 80’s was the decade in which many of the problems we face today became painfully apparent. The collateral damage of industrial capitalism – acid rain, the hole in the ozone layer, global warming – became visible at the same time as the rise of neoliberalism, with its push for deregulation.

Unsustainable technology

During the 80s, several industry disinformation campaigns have been successfully used in an attempt to delay regulation. The game is based on those campaigns, showing strategies that are still used today.

Digital technology, even though it is often portrayed as immaterial and clean, is inherently unsustainable. The mining for minerals needed to build microchips and Printed Circuit Boards is extremely polluting; planned obsolescence and eternal upgrading to a newer model results in an overload of e-waste which for a large part ends up in toxic waste dumps in for instance Ghana and India; the growing CO2 emissions of data centers, web traffic and home use of electronic devices.

So instead of going for the latest gadget, What Remains is developed on reused and repurposed old NES cartridges. 

The game has a female protagonist, Jennifer, who stumbles upon a NES cartridge which contains encrypted documents. She and her best friend Michael start to unravel a conspiracy threatening the whole planet. They start decoding the documents and spreading news about the information they discover.

The game allows the player to actively engage with the topic of disinformation, instead of read about it. Let’s proceed with a description of a few different strategies, and how they are translated in the game.

Controlling the narrative  

The first strategy is controlling the narrative surrounding the industry in question. The most striking example of this strategy in the 80s is the use of PR agency Katzenstein Associates by both the Edison Electric Institute (EEI) and the Tobacco Institute.

EEI published an advertisement in the Washington Post in 1982 with a coupon to order the booklet “An Updated Perspective on Acid Rain” written by Allan Katzenstein. It contained falsehoods such as acid rain having a fertilizing effect and an explanation of pH values saying acidity is not all bad, since tomatoes and carrots are acid too: “All have pH values well in the range of the rain that is the subject of scare headlines in the popular media”.

In 1987 Katzenstein worked for theTobacco Institute, giving  62 TV, radio and newspaper interviews, posing as an air quality expert. 

In the game, you learn about Alan Kittenstein of PR agency Kittenstein Associates. He is hired by DNYcorp whose energy branch is worried about acid rain causing a panic among the public.

You also discover that the local newspaper, the Sunny Peaks Gazette, is owned by Fred Robafeller, who owns 80 percent of DNYcorp, the corporation wreaking havoc on the environment in your hometown. You gain the ability to spread the information you received by literally blowing the whistle.

When you do, you spread the information you just learned to other characters in the game. Some accuse you of being a doom-crying opponent of all progress. You need to find different ways to broadcast this story…

Astroturfing

The second strategy is appearing to be fighting for and with the people, by using front groups and astroturf campaigns. This creates the illusion of many people fighting for the same cause: usually corporate freedom – not getting regulated or taxed – made to look indistinguishable from individual freedom. 

Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE), an anti-tax think tank dedicated to the promotion of free market economics, was co-founded in 1984 by David Koch, of Koch Industries. It was funded by the tobacco, oil, energy and sugar industries.

In 2002 CSE launched the Tea Party website. The Tea Party, which was meant to be a grass roots uprising for less taxes and less government regulation, turned out to be astroturf, hiding its sponsors until 2012, when internal documents leaked. 

Inspired by the Koch brothers’ efforts to bootstrap the tea-party protests, the game’s Sunny Peaks elections for a new mayor are hit by an anti-tax, pro-freedom, astroturf campaign organized by DNYcorp to get the industry friendly mayor John Donson elected.

You receive information about the scheme and need to convince as many people as possible not to fall for it. You try talking to them about the evidence you’ve uncovered, but the campaign uses slander against you.

You’ve lost trust. Even though you have evidence, you cannot win this battle. Only after infiltrating the secret headquarters of DNYcorp and uncovering a plan threatening the whole world, are you able to stop the spread of false information. DNYcorp defends itself with one last strategy.

Distraction

The last strategy is all about distracting the public’s attention by pointing to something even more concerning that is unrelated to the industry in question.

This strategy has three steps. First, all focus is put on a problem bigger than the one the industry causes. During the 80s this was still communism, which later turned into environmentalism, terrorism and other foreign threats.

Step two consists of offering a technological solution to the problem. Step three is there in case step one and two fail: you stress how people can adapt to the problem you caused.

During the 80’s the cold war was still used as a distraction to push through policies that were a direct threat to public safety, such as the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), Reagan’s thankfully never realized plan to protect the US against Soviet nuclear missiles with a laser defense shield in space. 

In the game DNYcorp is distracting people with an epic yet fake alien invasion. The solution they propose is to nuke the aliens. This will, not coincidentally, generate a nuclear winter, cooling the earth, neutralizing the effects of global warming so people can continue to burn the fossil fuels offered by DNYcorp.

A technical solution – geoengineering – using the theory of nuclear winter, while simultaneously distracting from the cause of the problem. 

Let’s play!

The game contains more strategies and lets players resist by collectively fighting for independent media, destroying the carefully constructed narrative of a harmful industry.

The game takes place in a pre-internet era yet the strategies used to influence public opinion and delay industry regulation have not evolved that much. The infrastructure used to execute those strategies has though, and this has made wielding influence much easier.

What Remains is a game that explores these issues and lets you experience the different parallels between disinformation campaigns in the 80s and today through the lens of a game console from that decade.

What Remains is a project by Arnaud Guillon, Chun Lee, Dustin Long, Aymeric Mansoux and Marloes de Valk. The game can be downloaded here. 

This Author

Marloes de Valk is a software artist and writer in the post-despair stage of coping with the threat of global warming and being spied on by the devices surrounding her.

The better that one understands a problem, the greater the chance of solving it. So it is with climate change, a crisis demanding far-reaching social transformation.

But just how far-reaching?  A broad curriculum that develops activists’ clarity and unity of vision could be an essential pillar to advance the climate movement’s preparation, ambition, and cohesiveness.

The mainstream understanding within the movement is that climate change is the issue—there is no bigger picture—and the solution is a rapid transition from fossil fuels to renewables. An all-renewable society will be more equitable by attending to economic and racial injustice in the transition process, but will largely resemble the present one. 

Interconnected issues

A more comprehensive view recognizes climate change as perhaps the most urgent of several interconnected ecological issues that require us to not only transition from fossil fuels to renewables but also to reshape our economic, political, and cultural systems around the reality of ecological limits. 

I believe that the analysis that movement holds will determine how it develops and whether it is able to meet the scale of our issues. A holistic, unified understanding of our ecological predicament is thus sorely needed.

The Limits to Growth framework helps us to see the bigger picture. It shows that as exponential growth of the economy and population pushes global consumption beyond ecological limits, we encounter crises driven by pollution, like climate change, or by resource depletion, such as peak oil.

The more recent incarnation of the Limits framework is “planetary boundaries” analysis, which confirms that overwhelming human intervention into global ecosystems is generating multiple crises beyond climate change. Climate activists can draw several lessons here. 

The first is that continued economic and population growth is infeasible. A holistic movement for survival would seek to address the overarching threat of ecological overshoot and recognize that whatever special remedy a particular issue requires, such as rebuilding healthy soils to address topsoil erosion, all ecological issues have overconsumption at their root and require wealthy nations to consume less. 

Ecological limits

A second and related lesson is that creating a sustainable society involves tradeoffs. The lifestyles we know today are based on treating ecological limits as if they don’t exist—a consumer culture made to serve economies that maximize consumption—and this must change fundamentally to restore the natural systems we’ve undermined.

Solutions are thus not as straightforward as unplugging fossil fuel plants and plugging in renewable infrastructure. We must embed the reality of ecological limits into our economic and political systems and our culture, and learn to live within them. 

The third concerns our priorities. We must maintain enough social and economic stability to carry the massive sustainability transition to its conclusion. Though depletion issues seem to be overshadowed by pollution crises, resource availability challenges must be factored into activists’ plan for transforming society.

The depletion of oil, which is currently essential to both large-scale food supply systems and producing wind turbines and solar panels, could threaten the transition if not planned for in advance.

Climate activists must come to see themselves as a “new society” movement—nothing less will meet the demands of the problem. This perspective informs us as we dig into the details of the climate crisis: its severity (what level of threat does it pose to humanity), its urgency (the timeline we must adhere to), and the forces driving the problem. 

Carbon budget

In terms of severity, we should recognize that current warming of one degree Celsius (1C) since industrialization puts us at the edge of the stable Holocene conditions in which our societies and agriculture developed, and that business as usual would result in 4C+ warming within this century.

The previous ice age was about 4C cooler than pre-industrial times, with mile-thick ice sheets covering North America and Europe. Though discussions of “adaptation to climate change” abound, there is no meaningful sense in which humanity can “adapt” to 4C+ warming. Avoiding that outcome justifies large changes in how we live.

The carbon budget concept helps us understand the urgency of the crisis. While any greenhouse gasses emitted by burning fossil fuel and land use change warm the planet, carbon dioxide persists in the atmosphere for hundreds to thousands of years and thus determines long-term temperature rise.

A long-term warming limit corresponds to a finite “budget” of carbon dioxide emissions. Activists tend to focus on ramping up the supply of renewables, but the carbon budget concept emphasizes changes in energy demand rather than energy supply—we need to lower emissions in line with our budget even if that means reducing energy use by phasing out fossil fuels faster than we can replace them with renewables. 

Our carbon budget helps establish the timeline we must follow in getting to zero emissions, which is shaped by our approach to the different emissions drivers. The Kaya identity breaks down total emissions into its constitutive parts:

Emissions = Economic output (GDP/person) x Population (number of people) x Energy intensity (Energy/GDP) x Carbon intensity (Carbon/Energy)

Technological interventions

If growth is sacred, then the only way to decrease emissions is by reducing energy intensity (through increased efficiency) or carbon intensity (by installing non-carbon sources of energy).

The models projecting a 66 percent or greater chance of limiting warming to 2C envision emissions reaching “net zero” around 2070 (by matching any remaining emissions with deliberate reabsorption strategies).

They assume continued economic and population growth, and that the last two factors alone can save us. But can these technological interventions overcome the effects of growth? 

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) points out that energy efficiency increases over the past 40 years were overwhelmed by economic and population growth. Models assume continued increases in efficiency, but physical laws ultimately limit how much more efficient we can become.

And bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, a supposedly carbon-negative energy source crucial to the IPCC’s 2C scenarios, doesn’t exist at scale and isn’t likely to.

Dangerous assumptions

Through dangerous assumptions, the primacy of growth is built into climate models. With these assumptions stripped away wealthy nations’ emissions would need to reach real zero around 2035, and the need to degrow would be clear.

A holistic understanding of our predicament would clarify activists’ sense of the timeline, solutions, priorities, and complexity of their task. It would make the notion of continued growth obviously untenable.

It would highlight a global decarbonization date for 2C (without significant negative emissions) around 2040. Maintaining enough social stability to make the transition possible would emerge as a priority—in particular, focusing on relocalizing agriculture in anticipation of slowing oil production.

A more complex and realistic understanding of the transition that illuminates the reality of tradeoffs, like reduced consumption, would reveal the need to prepare for the challenges of creating a new society. 

With a shared understanding of this analysis, activists could develop a plan to meet the scale of the crisis.

Energy literacy

To those pushing for a rapid transition to an all-renewable economy, energy literacy is just as important as ecological literacy. Physicists define energy as the capacity to do work—without energy, nothing happens. That goes for both biological systems like ourselves, which need energy to survive, and for economic systems, which constantly require energy to accomplish any activity.

Though climate change is mainly understood as an energy problem, activists’ transition plans haven’t yet incorporated the work of energy analysts who explore the societal implications of large-scale conversions from one energy source to another.

The Industrial Revolution came about because human beings unlocked the concentrated energy available in the form of coal, followed eventually by oil and gas. The ensuing changes to society cannot be understated: mass-production of goods, previously unthinkable mobility, time-saving appliances—millions of people shifted from agrarian lifestyles into cities where jobs now served the mass production process.

This process and the lives we know today were born from energy sources that developed over millions of years—finite conditions we’ve come to see as normal.

The most prominent transition studies, undertaken by researchers Mark Jacobson and Mark Delucchi, give no indication that these conditions will change in a society powered completely by renewable energy. But energy analysts like Richard Heinberg highlight issues that suggest an all-renewable society will be different than the one we live in today.

Tradeoffs

Because wind and solar are intermittent, we need to develop strategies to have energy when weather conditions are calm and overcast. But infrastructure solutions like batteries and long-distance transmission lines require energy to build, and the energy costs of making renewables controllable may cut too far into the energy we want for transportation, construction, educating students, and many other things. To some extent we may need to learn to use energy when it is available.

Replacing oil, which powers 95 percent of transportation, is also a challenge. We’ll need to use batteries to power our vehicles in an all-renewable world, but their energy density is much lower than oil, and heavy vehicles would require prohibitively large batteries. It’s therefore unlikely that we’ll have battery-powered heavy trucks or planes, and we may need to adjust to a less mobile society.

Finally, it always takes energy to get energy, a ratio energy analysts call “energy-returned-on-energy-invested” (EROEI or EROI). Studies looking at the net energy generated by an all-renewable system suggest that the EROEI may be significantly lower than a fossil-fueled system. This means that we would have less energy available in a society powered only by renewables, and thus a smaller economy.

Activists must incorporate these analyses into our transition plans and educate the public about the likelihood that an all-renewable society will be different than the one we know today. This is vital to making the transition possible.

Whether looking at our problems through the lens of ecology or energy, it appears likely that establishing a sustainable society will come with tradeoffs.

I believe that if we do not foresee these tradeoffs, plan for them, and educate the public about the challenges ahead, then the unprecedented, massive, and sustained coordination we need to transition in an orderly way may not be possible.

Power systems

Ecological and energy literacy are necessary if we’re to understand what is happening to us and why, and to develop productive ways to respond.

However, additional analyses are also essential. We must have knowledge of how the economy currently works and how it could be restructured to work in the context of shrinking consumption and energy use.

Beyond that, we’ll need to understand the power systems that oppose the transition and how to build a movement that can overcome them. Nothing less than a new Enlightenment will do.

This Author 

Aaron Karp is an activist generating a discussion within the climate justice movement about the need for degrowth and authentic democracy. He is writing a book about why our ecological crises demand economic and cultural transformation, not just an energy transition, and how the movement can lay the groundwork for these changes. He tweets @LimitsLiberate.

Are you a good listener? Let’s start with rhubarb. A few years ago a farm in Yorkshire posted a recording of their rhubarb shed online. The bursting buds and squelching mud are quite a surprise – a mixture of popcorn and beatboxing.

Tuning into the soundscape is an important way of reconnecting with the rest of the living planet – bird calls, the thrum of pollinators and running water to name but a few – but not all the sounds around us are therapeutic.

This article was first published in Resurgence & Ecologist magazine. 

According to the World Health Organization, exposure to environmental noise like road traffic and aircraft can lead to a number of health problems, including heart disease and cognitive impairment among children.

Resurgent voices

In the current issue of Resurgence & Ecologist magazine we visit several innovative projects exploring the use of sound (and absence of sound) to aid health and reconnect with Nature.

David Orr writes about the role of music in environmental activism and we interview artist Jackie Morris, whose book The Lost Words, co-authored with Robert Macfarlane, is now finding expression in music.

In Keynotes, Michelle Brenner discusses why quieting our inner noise is so important for good communication.

To mark this theme, we are also launching a second series of our popular Resurgence Voices podcast, and a special series of soundscapes called Resurgence Sounds. The first one features my particular favourite – the stream at the bottom of my allotment.

There are other voices that must be heard. Greta Thunberg and youth strikers for climate action have called a global climate strike on 20 September. We at Resurgence will be joining them.

In preparation we are holding a banner-making workshop at our new Resurgence Centre. Details of this will be posted online. Extinction Rebellion are planning autumn actions and in New York the UN Climate Action Summit is calling for governments to present concrete plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. Meanwhile, the UK prepares for Brexit.

Starting a dialogue

In a world where debate (political and otherwise) all too often consists of shouting over opposing views, good listening skills are more important than ever.

As Jane Goodall said: “Change happens by listening and then starting a dialogue with the people who are doing something you don’t believe is right.”

Whether it’s our view on how to tackle the climate crisis – or indeed what we think about rhubarb – attentive listening can change the way we see things.

This Author 

Marianne Brown is editor of Resurgence & Ecologist magazine. This article was first published in Resurgence & Ecologist magazine. 

Image: Irfancanon, Pixabay.

People underestimate how hot the world has become and how much plastic waste has ended up in the environment, research suggests.

Misconceptions about the impact humans are having on the planet are widespread, according to the study by the Policy Institute at King’s College London.

Only a quarter of people quizzed by Ipsos Mori for the research correctly identified that all 20 of the world’s hottest years on record had occurred in the last 22 years.

Wildlife

On average, people guessed that 12 of the hottest years had occurred in that time, the figures show.

Members of the public also underestimate how much plastic waste has ended up in the environment, suggesting on average that just under half (49 percent) of the 6.3 billion tonnes of the material created globally has ended up in landfill or as litter – when the true figure is 79 percent.

Just nine percent has been recycled, far lower than the average estimate of 26 percent by people polled.

Only a third of the public correctly think that the population sizes of mammals, birds, fish and reptiles in the world has fallen by 60% since 1970, which is the estimate made by conservation organisations WWF and ZSL.

Half of people thought wildlife populations had fallen by 25 percent in that time.

Mis-perceptions

There were also misconceptions about where greenhouse gases are coming from, with those polled suggesting that 20% of pollution came from flying – compared to the real figure of two percent.

People also overestimated the role of recycling in reducing their carbon footprint, and underestimated the impact of avoiding one transatlantic flight.

And just 21 percent selected having one fewer child as a top way of cutting an individual’s greenhouse gas emissions, although it is the most significant thing that can be done, the research said.

Bobby Duffy, director of the Policy Institute at King’s College London and author of The Perils of Perception: Why We’re Wrong About Nearly Everything which is being published in paperback, said: “It is vital to understand public mis-perceptions about climate change and the natural environment – but not just so that we can bombard people with more information.”

Widespread

He said his book showed “we can’t just provide facts and expect people to hear them and act, regardless of how extraordinary those facts are”.

Prof Duffy also warned that there was not enough understanding about how fear, hope and a sense of the effectiveness of actions interacted in motivating people.

“But it’s just as naive to believe we know the right emotional buttons to push: we don’t understand enough about how fear, hope and a sense of efficacy interact in motivating action in different individuals.”

He added: “A little more understanding of the scale of the issues, the most effective actions we can take and just how normal and widespread concern has become couldn’t hurt.”

This Author

Emily Beament is the PA environment correspondent.

People underestimate how hot the world has become and how much plastic waste has ended up in the environment, research suggests.

Misconceptions about the impact humans are having on the planet are widespread, according to the study by the Policy Institute at King’s College London.

Only a quarter of people quizzed by Ipsos Mori for the research correctly identified that all 20 of the world’s hottest years on record had occurred in the last 22 years.

Wildlife

On average, people guessed that 12 of the hottest years had occurred in that time, the figures show.

Members of the public also underestimate how much plastic waste has ended up in the environment, suggesting on average that just under half (49 percent) of the 6.3 billion tonnes of the material created globally has ended up in landfill or as litter – when the true figure is 79 percent.

Just nine percent has been recycled, far lower than the average estimate of 26 percent by people polled.

Only a third of the public correctly think that the population sizes of mammals, birds, fish and reptiles in the world has fallen by 60% since 1970, which is the estimate made by conservation organisations WWF and ZSL.

Half of people thought wildlife populations had fallen by 25 percent in that time.

Mis-perceptions

There were also misconceptions about where greenhouse gases are coming from, with those polled suggesting that 20% of pollution came from flying – compared to the real figure of two percent.

People also overestimated the role of recycling in reducing their carbon footprint, and underestimated the impact of avoiding one transatlantic flight.

And just 21 percent selected having one fewer child as a top way of cutting an individual’s greenhouse gas emissions, although it is the most significant thing that can be done, the research said.

Bobby Duffy, director of the Policy Institute at King’s College London and author of The Perils of Perception: Why We’re Wrong About Nearly Everything which is being published in paperback, said: “It is vital to understand public mis-perceptions about climate change and the natural environment – but not just so that we can bombard people with more information.”

Widespread

He said his book showed “we can’t just provide facts and expect people to hear them and act, regardless of how extraordinary those facts are”.

Prof Duffy also warned that there was not enough understanding about how fear, hope and a sense of the effectiveness of actions interacted in motivating people.

“But it’s just as naive to believe we know the right emotional buttons to push: we don’t understand enough about how fear, hope and a sense of efficacy interact in motivating action in different individuals.”

He added: “A little more understanding of the scale of the issues, the most effective actions we can take and just how normal and widespread concern has become couldn’t hurt.”

This Author

Emily Beament is the PA environment correspondent.

People underestimate how hot the world has become and how much plastic waste has ended up in the environment, research suggests.

Misconceptions about the impact humans are having on the planet are widespread, according to the study by the Policy Institute at King’s College London.

Only a quarter of people quizzed by Ipsos Mori for the research correctly identified that all 20 of the world’s hottest years on record had occurred in the last 22 years.

Wildlife

On average, people guessed that 12 of the hottest years had occurred in that time, the figures show.

Members of the public also underestimate how much plastic waste has ended up in the environment, suggesting on average that just under half (49 percent) of the 6.3 billion tonnes of the material created globally has ended up in landfill or as litter – when the true figure is 79 percent.

Just nine percent has been recycled, far lower than the average estimate of 26 percent by people polled.

Only a third of the public correctly think that the population sizes of mammals, birds, fish and reptiles in the world has fallen by 60% since 1970, which is the estimate made by conservation organisations WWF and ZSL.

Half of people thought wildlife populations had fallen by 25 percent in that time.

Mis-perceptions

There were also misconceptions about where greenhouse gases are coming from, with those polled suggesting that 20% of pollution came from flying – compared to the real figure of two percent.

People also overestimated the role of recycling in reducing their carbon footprint, and underestimated the impact of avoiding one transatlantic flight.

And just 21 percent selected having one fewer child as a top way of cutting an individual’s greenhouse gas emissions, although it is the most significant thing that can be done, the research said.

Bobby Duffy, director of the Policy Institute at King’s College London and author of The Perils of Perception: Why We’re Wrong About Nearly Everything which is being published in paperback, said: “It is vital to understand public mis-perceptions about climate change and the natural environment – but not just so that we can bombard people with more information.”

Widespread

He said his book showed “we can’t just provide facts and expect people to hear them and act, regardless of how extraordinary those facts are”.

Prof Duffy also warned that there was not enough understanding about how fear, hope and a sense of the effectiveness of actions interacted in motivating people.

“But it’s just as naive to believe we know the right emotional buttons to push: we don’t understand enough about how fear, hope and a sense of efficacy interact in motivating action in different individuals.”

He added: “A little more understanding of the scale of the issues, the most effective actions we can take and just how normal and widespread concern has become couldn’t hurt.”

This Author

Emily Beament is the PA environment correspondent.

People underestimate how hot the world has become and how much plastic waste has ended up in the environment, research suggests.

Misconceptions about the impact humans are having on the planet are widespread, according to the study by the Policy Institute at King’s College London.

Only a quarter of people quizzed by Ipsos Mori for the research correctly identified that all 20 of the world’s hottest years on record had occurred in the last 22 years.

Wildlife

On average, people guessed that 12 of the hottest years had occurred in that time, the figures show.

Members of the public also underestimate how much plastic waste has ended up in the environment, suggesting on average that just under half (49 percent) of the 6.3 billion tonnes of the material created globally has ended up in landfill or as litter – when the true figure is 79 percent.

Just nine percent has been recycled, far lower than the average estimate of 26 percent by people polled.

Only a third of the public correctly think that the population sizes of mammals, birds, fish and reptiles in the world has fallen by 60% since 1970, which is the estimate made by conservation organisations WWF and ZSL.

Half of people thought wildlife populations had fallen by 25 percent in that time.

Mis-perceptions

There were also misconceptions about where greenhouse gases are coming from, with those polled suggesting that 20% of pollution came from flying – compared to the real figure of two percent.

People also overestimated the role of recycling in reducing their carbon footprint, and underestimated the impact of avoiding one transatlantic flight.

And just 21 percent selected having one fewer child as a top way of cutting an individual’s greenhouse gas emissions, although it is the most significant thing that can be done, the research said.

Bobby Duffy, director of the Policy Institute at King’s College London and author of The Perils of Perception: Why We’re Wrong About Nearly Everything which is being published in paperback, said: “It is vital to understand public mis-perceptions about climate change and the natural environment – but not just so that we can bombard people with more information.”

Widespread

He said his book showed “we can’t just provide facts and expect people to hear them and act, regardless of how extraordinary those facts are”.

Prof Duffy also warned that there was not enough understanding about how fear, hope and a sense of the effectiveness of actions interacted in motivating people.

“But it’s just as naive to believe we know the right emotional buttons to push: we don’t understand enough about how fear, hope and a sense of efficacy interact in motivating action in different individuals.”

He added: “A little more understanding of the scale of the issues, the most effective actions we can take and just how normal and widespread concern has become couldn’t hurt.”

This Author

Emily Beament is the PA environment correspondent.

People underestimate how hot the world has become and how much plastic waste has ended up in the environment, research suggests.

Misconceptions about the impact humans are having on the planet are widespread, according to the study by the Policy Institute at King’s College London.

Only a quarter of people quizzed by Ipsos Mori for the research correctly identified that all 20 of the world’s hottest years on record had occurred in the last 22 years.

Wildlife

On average, people guessed that 12 of the hottest years had occurred in that time, the figures show.

Members of the public also underestimate how much plastic waste has ended up in the environment, suggesting on average that just under half (49 percent) of the 6.3 billion tonnes of the material created globally has ended up in landfill or as litter – when the true figure is 79 percent.

Just nine percent has been recycled, far lower than the average estimate of 26 percent by people polled.

Only a third of the public correctly think that the population sizes of mammals, birds, fish and reptiles in the world has fallen by 60% since 1970, which is the estimate made by conservation organisations WWF and ZSL.

Half of people thought wildlife populations had fallen by 25 percent in that time.

Mis-perceptions

There were also misconceptions about where greenhouse gases are coming from, with those polled suggesting that 20% of pollution came from flying – compared to the real figure of two percent.

People also overestimated the role of recycling in reducing their carbon footprint, and underestimated the impact of avoiding one transatlantic flight.

And just 21 percent selected having one fewer child as a top way of cutting an individual’s greenhouse gas emissions, although it is the most significant thing that can be done, the research said.

Bobby Duffy, director of the Policy Institute at King’s College London and author of The Perils of Perception: Why We’re Wrong About Nearly Everything which is being published in paperback, said: “It is vital to understand public mis-perceptions about climate change and the natural environment – but not just so that we can bombard people with more information.”

Widespread

He said his book showed “we can’t just provide facts and expect people to hear them and act, regardless of how extraordinary those facts are”.

Prof Duffy also warned that there was not enough understanding about how fear, hope and a sense of the effectiveness of actions interacted in motivating people.

“But it’s just as naive to believe we know the right emotional buttons to push: we don’t understand enough about how fear, hope and a sense of efficacy interact in motivating action in different individuals.”

He added: “A little more understanding of the scale of the issues, the most effective actions we can take and just how normal and widespread concern has become couldn’t hurt.”

This Author

Emily Beament is the PA environment correspondent.

Acres of lush underwater seagrass meadows are to be restored off the coast of Wales to help wildlife and tackle climate change, conservationists have said.

Sky Ocean Rescue, conservation organisation WWF and Swansea University are launching what they say is the biggest seagrass restoration project ever undertaken in the UK to help the habitat thrive again.

A million seeds of the “wonder plant” have been gathered from existing meadows in shallow, sheltered areas along the UK coasts, reached by volunteers snorkelling, diving and wading in to get them.

Crucial

They will be planted this winter over 4.9 acres (20,000 square metres) of Dale Bay in Pembrokeshire, which has lost its seagrass but is suitable for the plant’s return.

The organisations say the “cutting-edge” pilot could create a model which could pave the way for large-scale seagrass restoration throughout the UK, if it is supported by governments around the country.

The move follows the disappearance of up to 92% of the UK’s seagrass in the last century, caused by pollution, runoff from the land, coast development, and damage from boat propellers and chain moorings.

Seagrass meadows act as a nursery for a wide variety of marine life, from endangered seahorses to sea snails, and 2.5 acres (10,000 square metres) of seagrass can support 80,000 fish and 100 million invertebrates, the experts said.

It protects the coasts from erosion by absorbing wave energy, is a crucial habitat for many of important fish such as cod, plaice and pollock, produces oxygen, and helps clean the ocean by absorbing polluting nutrients.

Model

It also captures carbon from the atmosphere up to 35 times faster than tropical rainforests, making it an important part of tackling climate change.

Globally it accounts for 10 percent of annual ocean carbon storage despite only taking up 0.2% of the seafloor, the conservationists said.

Alec Taylor, WWF head of marine policy, said: “Seagrass is a wonder plant that doesn’t get the recognition it deserves, so its steep decline is extremely concerning.

“Without seagrass the myriad of amazing species that depend on it could disappear, the food we eat will be affected, and the amount of carbon in the environment will increase.

“Along with Sky Ocean Rescue and Swansea University, we are urgently calling on governments to use the model our project is creating to bring back these lush underwater meadows.

Livelihoods

“Governments also need to work with local communities to ensure that these vital areas are well-managed.”

Dr Richard Unsworth, of Swansea University, who is also director of the conservation charity Project Seagrass, said: “If we want to provide our fisheries and our coastlines with the potential to adapt to a rapidly changing climate, we need to restore the habitats and biodiversity that support their productivity.

“Providing a demonstration of the potential for restoration of our marine environment to be meaningful will hopefully act as a catalyst for further recovery of our UK seas.”

The seeds for the restoration scheme were collected from around the coasts by volunteers who snapped off the blades containing the seeds, which does not harm the plant, and taken to laboratories to be sorted and prepared.

They will be put in hessian bags to secure them when they are planted on the seabed this winter at the site, which has the right features in terms of the water depth and light levels to thrive there again.

The experts are working with local communities to design the project and choose the exact site so it does not affect local livelihoods and lifestyles.

It also aims to increase the understanding of the importance of seagrass and the benefits it can bring to the area, the organisations said.

This Author

Emily Beament is the PA environment correspondent.

Acres of lush underwater seagrass meadows are to be restored off the coast of Wales to help wildlife and tackle climate change, conservationists have said.

Sky Ocean Rescue, conservation organisation WWF and Swansea University are launching what they say is the biggest seagrass restoration project ever undertaken in the UK to help the habitat thrive again.

A million seeds of the “wonder plant” have been gathered from existing meadows in shallow, sheltered areas along the UK coasts, reached by volunteers snorkelling, diving and wading in to get them.

Crucial

They will be planted this winter over 4.9 acres (20,000 square metres) of Dale Bay in Pembrokeshire, which has lost its seagrass but is suitable for the plant’s return.

The organisations say the “cutting-edge” pilot could create a model which could pave the way for large-scale seagrass restoration throughout the UK, if it is supported by governments around the country.

The move follows the disappearance of up to 92% of the UK’s seagrass in the last century, caused by pollution, runoff from the land, coast development, and damage from boat propellers and chain moorings.

Seagrass meadows act as a nursery for a wide variety of marine life, from endangered seahorses to sea snails, and 2.5 acres (10,000 square metres) of seagrass can support 80,000 fish and 100 million invertebrates, the experts said.

It protects the coasts from erosion by absorbing wave energy, is a crucial habitat for many of important fish such as cod, plaice and pollock, produces oxygen, and helps clean the ocean by absorbing polluting nutrients.

Model

It also captures carbon from the atmosphere up to 35 times faster than tropical rainforests, making it an important part of tackling climate change.

Globally it accounts for 10 percent of annual ocean carbon storage despite only taking up 0.2% of the seafloor, the conservationists said.

Alec Taylor, WWF head of marine policy, said: “Seagrass is a wonder plant that doesn’t get the recognition it deserves, so its steep decline is extremely concerning.

“Without seagrass the myriad of amazing species that depend on it could disappear, the food we eat will be affected, and the amount of carbon in the environment will increase.

“Along with Sky Ocean Rescue and Swansea University, we are urgently calling on governments to use the model our project is creating to bring back these lush underwater meadows.

Livelihoods

“Governments also need to work with local communities to ensure that these vital areas are well-managed.”

Dr Richard Unsworth, of Swansea University, who is also director of the conservation charity Project Seagrass, said: “If we want to provide our fisheries and our coastlines with the potential to adapt to a rapidly changing climate, we need to restore the habitats and biodiversity that support their productivity.

“Providing a demonstration of the potential for restoration of our marine environment to be meaningful will hopefully act as a catalyst for further recovery of our UK seas.”

The seeds for the restoration scheme were collected from around the coasts by volunteers who snapped off the blades containing the seeds, which does not harm the plant, and taken to laboratories to be sorted and prepared.

They will be put in hessian bags to secure them when they are planted on the seabed this winter at the site, which has the right features in terms of the water depth and light levels to thrive there again.

The experts are working with local communities to design the project and choose the exact site so it does not affect local livelihoods and lifestyles.

It also aims to increase the understanding of the importance of seagrass and the benefits it can bring to the area, the organisations said.

This Author

Emily Beament is the PA environment correspondent.