Tag Archives: life

Predation and transmission of direct life-cycle parasites Updated for 2026

Find out what role predation plays in the transfer of less complex parasites in the Early View paper “The underrated importance of predation in transmission ecology of direct lifecycle parasites” by Giovanni Strona. Below is his short summary of the study:

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Predation is the primary route for transmission in parasites having complex life cycles. However, despite being one of the strongest evolutionary forces, little is known about its role in the ecology and evolution of simple life cycle parasites (that is parasites that spend all of their life on a single host).

Monogeneans are one of the most abundant group of fish parasites, and are peculiar in that they do not use more than one host during their whole life. Being well investigated, they constitute a good benchmark to explore if predation has some relevance for parasites when not directly involved in transmission from one host to another. For this, I used a large dataset and different approaches to test whether predators and preys share more monogenean parasites than one would expect from their geographical distribution, habitat preference and phylogenetic relationships. It turned out that preys and predators do share more monogenean parasites than expected.

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The observed overlap degree was much higher at the genus level than at the species one. This suggests that predation may play an important role in promoting monogenean host range expansion. In addition, a good proportion of considered prey-predator pairs showed a significantly high parasite overlap at the species level. This last result promotes some intriguing hypotheses. In particular it may indicate a tendency of some monogenean parasites to evolve transmission strategies more targeted towards host interactions than towards species specific traits.

Monogenean parasites identify suitable hosts on the basis of various cues related to host physiology and behavior, such as shadows, chemicals, mechanical disturbance, and osmotic changes. Usually, these cues are generated by the activity of single species, but could also result from species interactions. For example, a predator hunting a school of fish may produce peculiar water turbulence, shadows, and specific chemicals, which are stimuli that have already been demonstrated capable of inducing mass hatching in monogeneans. Some monogenean parasites could have developed the ability to identify these cues, and to infect with similar probability a predator and its prey/s. If this hypothesis was true, it would have strong implications on evolutionary ecology, suggesting the existence of a peculiar situation, where some parasites have evolved high specialized host finding behaviors to become more generalist. Morevover, it would indicate that some monogenean parasites could be more vulnerable to coextinctions than suggested by the size of their host range, as their survival would depend on that of both the prey and the predator species.

Happy Flumpaween! Updated for 2026

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It’s Friday and it’s October 31, so you are in store for a super spoooooky edition of our weekly list of links.

Zombies? Whatevs, anyone who studies parasites knows that zombies are all over the place in nature!

In the Pacific Northwest, the Sockeye salmon are running, and boy do they look like something out of Walking Dead. As they start the migration, they give up on fighting disease and other, you know, life-sustaining processes in favor of makin’ babies. By the time they are spawning, they are completely falling apart, covered in fungal lesions (increased local diversity!), with totally shredded fins. Hey LADIES!

And because poor spiders get such a bad rap this time of year, here is some spider public image enhancement propaganda. – Emily Grason

For your Halloween enjoyment, here’s Cymothoa exigua, a marine isopod that destroys and then replaces the tongue of an unlucky fish host. Females of this species crawl in through the fish’s gills, feed on the blood from the tongue (causing the organ to atrophy and die), and then spend the rest of their life as the new, more terrifying fish tongue. The worst part? C. exigua doesn’t actually kill the fish, meaning its host has to live out the rest of its life with a tiny little crustacean just inside its mouth.

You may know crinoids as the ancient, visually appealing stalked echinoderms commonly called sea lilies or feather stars. What you may not know is that though they’re mostly sessile, they are able to crawl along the seafloor in an unsettling, Samara-like manner. Speaking of unsuspecting scares, here’s an amazing video of a Clione (sea angel) catching its prey. – Nate Johnson

What’s that lurking in the deep dark cold waters of the abyss? Maybe it was a goblin shark with 30+ rows of teeth and a protrusible jaw to snap up its prey… hopefully, it was Vampyroteuthis infernalis… the “vampire” “squid” from hell. Check out this video for why this ghost of cephalopods past is really neither. If you make it into shallower waters, beware the Desmarestia spp. which produce sulfuric acid for that slow painful burn. Dubbing it the acid kelp. -Kylla Benes

I would have to say that nothing in nature is creepier than flesh eating bacteria, such as the Group A streptococcus, that can cause  Necrotizing fasciitis,  an infirmity commonly known as flesh-eating disease or flesh-eating bacteria syndrome that infects and kills thousands of people every year. 

If you want to learn a little bit more about mathematical modeling, while celebrating Halloween, here are a couple of interesting and educative papers inspired on some popular fictional characters: zombies and vampires. Both papers use differential equations and ecological and behavioral data “collected” from classic movies, books and/or TV series in order to understand the spread of these scary creatures in the human population; Munz et al. modeled the spread of a zombie outbreak among humans. Their results are very disturbing; a zombie outbreak is very likely to lead to the collapse of our civilized world, unless we deal with it right away, using aggressive “control methods”.  Strielkowski et al. modeled the co-existence of humans and vampires, under three different scenarios: i) the Stoker-King model, which was based on Bram Stoker’s “Dracula” and Stephen King’s “Salem’s Lot”; the Rice model, based on Anne Rice’s  “Vampire Chronicles”; iii)  the Harris-Meyer-Kostova model, based on Stephenie Meyer’s “Twilight series”, Charlaine Harris’ “Sookie Stockhouse, “True Blood”  and Elizabeth Kostova’s “The Historian”. Their results seem to be a little more comforting than Munz et al., as they show that, at least, the Harris-Meyer-Kostova model indicates that we could peacefully co-exist with vampires, without even noticing their existence. I guess, it comes as no surprise that the Stoker-King model is the most dramatic scenario, leading to a rapid extinction of both, humans and vampires… – Vinicius Bastazini.

Here’s a creepy, but (maybe psuedo)scientific book asking what the world will look like 50 million years after humans go extinct. A friend of mine found a first edition, and we’ve been thumbing through it over the past few weeks. My favorites are the creatures that inhabit the island of batavia – where bats have evolved to fill every ecological niche from flower-mimicking insectivores to seal-like creatures evocative humanity’s descendants in Kurt Vonnegut’s Galapagos.

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The book was published two years after Gould and Lewontin’s Spandrels of San Marco, and I can’t help but wonder what they would have thought flipping through the pages. You can read through the entire book and check out all of the pictures here. -Fletcher Halliday

October 31, 2014

Future NOW Updated for 2026





Featuring pioneering eco-spiritual presenters: Peter Owen Jones, Satish Kumar, Chloe Goodchild, Tim Freke and Joe Hoare.

The Future NOW conference and charity fundraiser brings leading eco and wellbeing thinkers, writers, performers and activists to Bristol’s Trinity Centre on Saturday 8th November (10am-5pm) to raise the debate about the future and explore urgent solutions and mindful steps for sustaining the Earth so we can secure bright, happy and sustainable future lives for our children and grandchildren on this planet.

Peter Owen Jones, maverick 21st Century priest, BBC TV explorer and keynote speaker for Future NOW, says:
Humanity is in the process of bequeathing a poisonous and broken planet to the next generation. The systems we have inherited from the past are simply unable to create a sustainable future. Whilst we are doubtless approaching an end of some sort we are also beginning at last to dream of what a new humanity and new Earth might contain.  Future NOW will explore all that we need to sustain a future for all the myriad of life on this beautiful planet.

Organised by leading edge speakers, communications and events agency Conscious Frontiers together with celebrated Laughter Yoga expert and author Joe Hoare, Future NOW was inspired by the burgeoning Spiritual Ecology movement which seeks a spiritual response to our current ecological crisis, urging us to reconnect with Mother Earth as a sacred living being to which we all belong, and to recognise the Earth as the source of all life, not a resource to be plundered.
 
Featuring groundbreaking presentations and powerful performances from ‘Extreme Pilgrim’ Peter Owen Jones, ‘Earth Pilgrim’ Satish Kumar, ‘Big Love Philosopher’ Tim Freke, ‘Sacred Voice Pioneer’ Chloe Goodchild and ‘Laughing Yogi’ Joe Hoare – as well as interactive breakout sessions exploring and reflecting on the question, “What can I do differently?” – Future NOW is a call to become more mindful, more peaceful, more connected and more loving to ourselves, to each other and to the Earth.

With our planet approaching tipping point, we are faced with potentially devastating climate change and environmental meltdown caused by our unsustainable, materialistic way of life, threatening us with natural disasters, famine, diseases, mass social upheaval and loss of life. World renowned Zen master Thich Nhat Hanh refers to these calamities as “Bells of Mindfulness” warning us to wake up and urgently consider our impact on the planet before it’s too late.

Will Gethin, Director of Conscious Frontiers says:
Future NOW is a response to this call of the Earth. it’s an invitation to take an active role in shaping a more sustainable and harmonious future – a future where our outmoded Western material dream is replaced by a new dream of mindfulness, kindness, interconnectedness and community.”

50% of the proceeds from Future NOW will be donated to the benevolent charities/causes of the keynote speakers: The Resurgence Trust, The Life Cairn Project, The Naked Voice and The Alliance for Lucid Living, all of which further the event’s aim to create a happier and more harmonious future for our planet (for further information visit the FutureNOW charity page).

Joe Hoare, co-organiser of Future NOW says:
“Throughout the conference, participants are invited to explore how we can each make a difference and take urgent action to be the change in our daily lives. Future NOW is an invitation to join the New Consciousness Revolution.”

Event details:
Date: Saturday 8th November, 10am-5pm
Venue: Trinity Centre, Trinity Road, Bristol, BS2 0NW

BOOKING INFORMATION:
Future NOW tickets cost £55 (£65 on the door). A limited number of Early Bird tickets are currently available. For further information and bookings visit FutureNow

Future NOW speakers and organisers are available for interview
For Media Enquiries please contact Will Gethin at Conscious Frontiers
07795 204 833 or email Will Gethin

 




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In defence of ‘In Defence of Life’ Updated for 2026





I had some incredible feedback from readers about my article ‘In Defence of Life’.

What I wrote really hit the spot. Almost all are feeling what I had put into words.

But it didn’t please one reader who posted an extended critique on The Ecologist‘s Facebook page: “Lesley Docksey’s simplistic attack on shooting and angling does both pastimes and The Ecologist a great disservice.”

For the sake of brevity the article had to be “simplistic”, but the cases highlighted were from a long list of news items in the national and local media collected over months. Targeting of wildlife by culling is an ongoing nationwide activity. But calling the shooting of birds and animals a ‘pastime’ makes it clear that this is done for enjoyment, not necessity.

I have no problem with hunting for food – humans are omnivores. I personally eat little meat, and for preference that is locally-sourced and organic. I have no problem with shooting an animal that is terminally ill or too injured to save.

I also have no problem with occasional and necessary culling. For instance, rabbits pose a real problem for some farmers, and in many places there are no natural predators to exercise control over rabbit populations – mostly, one has to add, because the gamekeepers have killed the foxes, buzzards, stoats …

Shooting and fishing

” … the fact that there are rich and stupid people who take the law into their own hands, and governments which would rather appease the rich than follow the science, does not excuse Lesley for maligning everyone else who shoots and fishes. I shoot and fish, as do many of my friends. Some of us belong to the RSPB and RSPCA … “

Here is the RSPCA policy on shooting:

“The RSPCA believes that ‘sport’ does not justify the causing of suffering to birds and other animals, and therefore the RSPCA is opposed to shooting for sport.”

My critic continued:

“Nor are any of my friends rich. Many are estate workers on minimum wage whose £50 shotgun licence buys them a crop of rabbits for the pot or some fun at a clay pigeon club, and who have a £150 shotgun and cannot afford the £60,000 guns Lesley describes nor the £196 licence fee she proposes.”

Rural wages being what they are, estate workers also turn out as beaters for pheasant shoots, to help boost their income. And shooting clay pigeons may be fun, but not for those who have to listen to the incessant bang-bang-bang.

Nor did I suggest that such people could afford top-of-the-range shotguns, or ‘propose’ a £196 licence fee. Had my critic taken more care when reading the article, he might have taken on board that £196 is what it now costs the police, and therefore the taxpayer, to issue each gun licence.

Why should the general public subsidise the pastime of shooting?

‘Anglers need beavers like we need a hole in the head’

“How can she say ‘Anglers like killing too’ and then imply all anglers want to shoot otters? I don’t, and nor do most anglers I know; there are a few fishery owners who want to protect their livelihood, which includes protecting big carp, as Lesley says. But there are many, many more who accept that otters are a natural part of the river ecology and fish alongside them.”

But when the discovery of wild-living beavers on Devon’s River Otter hit the media, it was followed with a knee-jerk and, dare I say it, simplistic reaction by the Anglers Trust. “Anglers need beavers like we need a hole in the head”, it stated, presumably speaking on behalf of its members.

A bit more digging reveals that in March 2012 the Angling Trust wrote to Fisheries and Natural Environment Minister Richard Benyon “urging him to authorise the trapping and lethal control of beavers to halt their spread into England from Scotland.”

But surely the natural ecology of a river surely should not include lead weights, lures, hooks, nylon fishing lines and other detritus left behind by anglers that can so damage wildlife? [Editor’s note: only lead weights lighter than .06 grams or heavier than 28.35 grams are now permitted in the UK.]

I have never understood the sport of fishing, where an angler catches a fish by hooking it in the mouth, and following a fight with the fish, lands it, pulls the hook out of the fish (with what regard for the wound it has made?), then blithely tosses it back into the water to be caught again another day.

That is cruelty. And it’s not just me that thinks so. Here is what the RSPCA has to say about angling:

“The RSPCA believes that current practices in angling involve the infliction of pain and suffering on fish. The Medway Report has proved to the satisfaction of the RSPCA that fish are capable of experiencing pain and suffering.”

My critic should study it. The damage done to fish by the ‘sport’ of angling as detailed by the report in my opinion makes angling a blood sport.

How do you put a spin on this?

“Human beings are NOT easily divisible, as Lesley says, into those who see wildlife as ‘something to be controlled or something to be killed for sport’ and those who see wildlife as ‘something to be protected and left alone.’ This may come as a surprise to Lesley, but it is possible to be both … “

I don’t see how it is possible to be both. It certainly isn’t possible to shoot and fish as a pastime while claiming to be members of the RSPCA, at least not without indulging in a great deal of self-deception.

Unless, of course, you’re a PR man whose company specialises in “the transport and tourism industries, country sports and associated technologies”.

I do not know if my critic’s Facebook comments were made in a private or professional capacity, or in some blurry in-between zone. But a PR man is what he turned out to be.

 


 

Lesley Docksey is a freelance writer who writes for The Ecologist on the badger cull and other environmental subjects.

See her other articles for The Ecologist.

 

 




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We must protect our seas! Updated for 2026





I’ve just completed the first long-distance swim in the seven Seas of the ancient world. I’ve experienced some things I will never forget. And seen some things I wish I could erase from my memory, but which will haunt me for the rest of my days.

I will never forget the people I met along this journey, the literally hundreds of people from all walks of life who helped us and supported us and jumped in the sea to swim with us, just to be part of this mission, just for their love of the sea.

And then there are the things I would rather forget. Such as the sea floor under me as I swam the Aegean, which was covered with litter. I saw tyres and plastic bags, bottles, cans, shoes and clothing – but absolutely nothing that qualifies as ‘sea life’.

Turtles and jellyfish – but where were the sharks?

In the Arabian Sea I swam through vast shoals of turtles, which was spectacular. They do belong there. But so do many, many other fish species, and those were nowhere to be seen.

I never saw any fish bigger than the size of my hand, in any of the seven Seas. The larger ones had all been fished out.

The Black Sea was full of jellyfish. This is not a good thing, because they don’t belong there – they were brought in with the ballast on visiting ships and wrought havoc on an ecosystem that was already unbalanced.

In the entire four weeks I did not see one shark, anywhere.

As I was about to jump in the water for the Red Sea swim I asked the boat’s skipper whether I should keep a look out for sharks. He told me not to worry, because the sharks have all been fished out. That’s exactly what does worry me. A healthy ocean is an ocean with sharks.

Suddenly, the Red Sea came to life

But I did see something astonishing in the Red Sea. It was when I swam through a Marine Protected Area, and experienced a sea as it was meant to be: rich and colourful, teaming with abundant life.

And then, just two kilometres on, outside of the protected area, the picture changed again. There was no coral and there were no fish. It looked like an underwater desert.

If I had needed more proof that Marine Protected Areas really work, that was it. Everything I knew about how MPAs allow marine life to recover, how they protect and restore fish stocks, how they provide income-generating livelihoods for local people, how they boost ecotourism and ensure long-term sustainability, was all there in front of me.

Many of the people I met along the way have experienced it too. They have seen their seas changing. They know that there is a serious problem. And they have seen that the problem is reversible, IF we take urgent action and create Marine Protected Areas.

Thinking ahead

There’s a reason we ended our final North Sea swim at the Thames Barrier. It’s a highly symbolic example of foresight and visionary design. When it was built 30 years ago, its engineers had no idea how crucial it would be. They thought it would be used two or three times a year.

But this last winter it was used 48 times. Where would London be today without the Thames Barrier? In a word: underwater.

I don’t want to imagine what the world will be like in 30 years time if we don’t protect our marine resources today.

The world’s waters are changing. The seas and oceans are in a state of crisis. And we rely on these seas and oceans – all of us on this planet, wherever we live – for our very livelihood.

I am well aware that the world is caught up in a number of serious global political and humanitarian crises right now. It is certainly not my intention to trivialise any of these. But in focusing solely on the current state of global hyper-conflict, we run the risk of losing sight of something that is going to affect our children and grandchildren.

Protecting resources fosters peace

The biggest risk the world faces right now is what is being done to the environment, and a large part of that is what’s happening in our seas.

When Desmond Tutu came to wish me well at the outset of this expedition, he reminded me of something fundamental. He reminded me that so many of the world’s conflicts are over resources. When we fail to protect our resources, we set the stage for conflict. But when we protect our resources, we foster peace.

I dream of a peaceful world of well-managed Marine Protected Areas, protecting our coastlines and extending across our high seas. Of abundant oceans teeming with fish, big and small, with turtles and whales and sea-birds. Oceans filled with sharks.

Now is the time to make that dream happen. To reverse the rampant devastation of our marine resources, to provide them safe havens that allow them to regroup and recover.  Too many species are dying out, hunted to near extinction, slipping through our fingers, like sand.

Let’s stop fighting. And start giving our seas a fighting chance.

 


 

Lewis Pugh is an ocean advocate and a pioneer swimmer. In 2010 he was named a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum and in 2013 he was appointed Patron of the Oceans by the United Nations Environment Programme. http://lewispugh.com

This article was originally published on Lewis’s blog.

 




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