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Soil Association must get back to its roots Updated for 2026





We expect fellow members of the Soil Association will wonder why we resigned. In a democratic organisation they certainly have a right to be told without delay.

Below is an edited version of our resignation letter and a shortened summary of the concerns which led to our collective action, following a vote by a majority of the Soil Association Council not to hold an emergency meeting to address the issues.

A longer account of our concerns is available, should Soil Association members or the wider community wish to read it.

We think that the organic approach to food and farming is ecologically coherent, humane, scientifically responsible and potent and we remain committed supporters of the organisation’s founding purposes.

We hope that our action stimulates thought about how the Soil Association might campaign most effectively for the adoption of organic ideas in order to build a healthy society from the ground up.

Our edited resignation letter

Dear Dennis [Dennis Overton, Chair of SA Council]

We are writing to tender our resignations as Trustees of the Soil Association with immediate effect.

Since joining Council we have tried to fulfil our obligation as trustees to help guide the organisation in achieving its aims and purposes. Our contributions have been based on a clear commitment to the organic cause and on our long-standing and varied track record in food policy, campaigning, journalism and production.

We have brought to Council not only perspective but engagement. We have reported on how others see the Association and have presented several well thought-through proposals for improvements in practice.

Despite our strenuous attempts to raise our latest concerns in a way that was discreet and proper, the majority response has been to shoot the messenger rather than face the awkward message.

Meanwhile, the questionable presence on Management Committee (with an attendant reputational risk) of a non-organic farmer and a doctor who publicly attacks an important tool of organic animal husbandry (homoeopathy) seems not to concern a Council that purports to be committed to good governance.

We fear for the good name and relevance of an organisation that we have supported for many years. We have done our best to alert fellow trustees to the dangers implicit in the way that the current strategy is being implemented.

It is clear that ours is a minority view and we can no longer collude in a bogus consensus. Accordingly we are resigning. We will continue to devote our energies to challenging corporate control of the food system.

Yours sincerely,

Joanna Blythman, Lynda Brown, Pat Thomas, Andrew Whitley.

Shortened summary of trustee concerns

Implementation of the Soil Association strategy [Road to 2020] and its effect on the Soil Association profile.

We believe that the implementation of this strategy is a major factor in the demise of organic awareness, and the general confusion around what the Soil Association is, what it stands for, and what it does. In particular we would note the following:

1. Demise of organic awareness

  • The avoidance, wherever possible, of the ‘O’ word in preference to ‘nature-friendly’ and ‘planet-friendly’ substitutes.
  • A reluctance to use the ‘O’ word in relation to the Soil Association and its activities.
  • The emphasis on ‘starting where people are’ which leads to confusing messages and uncomfortable compromises. An example here is the use of a long-standing organic slogan ‘Food you can trust’ to promote the ‘Food For Life Catering Mark’ when its standards depart in important respects from Soil Association organic standards.
  • The widespread confusion resulting from compromised positions.
  • The tendency to ‘infantilise’ the organic message in major campaigns.
  • The policy of ‘pick and mix’ organics, which undermines informed understanding of organic principles.

2. Subordination and dilution of the organic message to a healthy eating message

  • Food For Life and the Catering Mark messaging is given prominence and is becoming the preferred ‘voice’ of the Soil Association.
  • The shift in focus to position the Soil Association as a public health delivery organization rather than the UK’s main organic food and farming organisation.

3. The Soil Association’s public profile

  • A PR void at senior management level, and loss of an authoritative voice.
  • The Soil Association is no longer the ‘go-to’ place for media on food and farming matters.
  • The Soil Association lacks political clout on national farming matters.

4. A dull and uninspiring image

  • The evident lack of appeal to younger consumers, for example, as highlighted in a recent survey conducted by MMR Research Worldwide.
  • A safe, cautious, controversy-averse image, pre-occupied with being all things to all men and with an over -arching ‘soft sell’.
  • The substitution of vague promises for meaningful inspirational targets.
  • The lack of ‘fire in the belly’ campaigns and conviction in its own beliefs.
  • The policy – as seen in the Soil Association’s daily News Digest – of attaching itself to others’ coat tails to ‘walk the talk’.

5. The inward looking and parochial nature of the Soil Association

  • Too focused on its own achievements.
  • A lack of engagement with the wider organic world.
  • Inadequate  promotion of the success of the organic movement globally to help build general consumer/farming confidence.

6. Membership issues

  • Membership of the Soil Association continues to decline.
  • Members are undervalued in comparison to external ‘stakeholders’.
  • The evolution of Living Earth into a lightweight lifestyle magazine instead of an intelligent publication that inspires and informs.
  • An emerging agenda to change the Soil Association from a campaigning membership organisation into a ‘corporate’ entity.

7. Inadequate support and allegiance to organic farmers and growers

  • Licensee numbers have stagnated, yet there seems to be no pro-active strategy, in either the farming or the consumer arena, to capitalise on the upturn of organic sales and to champion overtly organic food.


Comments received

During the preparation of this document we spoke confidentially to various people from across the spectrum of farmers, growers, producers and consumers. We include some comments we received (unattributed) for background purposes:

  • “The SA is too prepared to jump on bandwagons rather than focusing on what it says it believes in.”
  • “Its content seems to be news-led rather than setting the agenda.”
  • “The SA is not explaining why organic is a good thing for people; they’ve lost their way.”
  • “The SA failed to make organic different and has been too keen to keep mainstream agriculture onside.”
  • “I haven’t a clue what organic stands for any more. The SA is not on my radar, I never hear about it. I’m no longer certified, but keep in touch with growers and all they do is moan about certification.”
  • “We need more consumer education. The SA is failing in this – people don’t know what organic is.”
  • “I hear a lot of frustration from growers and farmers. Certification is laborious and expensive for small producers – who constantly moan about it, and feel they are unfairly treated.”
  • “The SA needs to go out on a limb to defend organic philosophy and values. No one will thank it in 20 years time for being safe, for not sticking its head above the parapet, for avoiding difficult conversations or for striving to be a healthy eating charity – of which we already have many.”
  • “Organic is dying. The SA are failing in their duty to educate and explain what organic food and farming is all about – no-one knows what organic means; if this continues the organic movement will fade away.”
  • “The SA is diluting its message and spreading itself too far and wide: I couldn’t give you a definition of who the SA is now and what the SA stands for.”
  • “The SA has failed to make organic different and has been too keen to keep mainstream agriculture onside.”
  • “Campaigning organizations need to lead from the front. It’s not the easy stuff that counts, it’s the difficult decisions where you need to take a stand – that’s what people respect you for, and that’s where the SA ducks out.”
  • “The more SA embraces non-organic organizations, the more difficult it is for devoted producers, some of whom feel that it’s treachery; they feel let down and abandoned.”
  • “Large non-organic organizations don’t want the SA to campaign for organics, because it makes them look bad – the SA defer to this, which tarnishes their organic image and credentials.”
  • “Why is the campaigning for organic being left to the OTB? The current work being done by the OTB is very low level and just doesn’t work.”
  • “The SA effectively heads up the organic movement in the UK; indeed, historically, it is largely responsible for creating it. That carries a huge responsibility. It is the Mother Ship. It cannot cast it off and destroy it for its own short-term aims – and that’s what I see happening. If the organic movement dies in the UK, the SA will be responsible and history will judge it accordingly.”

 

 




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Victory! Outspent 87-1, Maui voters back GMO moratorium Updated for 2026





Hawaii voters in Maui County made history this week by backing a ballot initiative to prohibit the growth, testing or cultivation of genetically engineered (GE) crops in Maui until an environmental and public health study can show that they are safe.

Voters backed the measure by 23,082 to 22,005 – in the face of massive spending by agrochemical companies.

The opposition ‘Citizens Against the Maui County Farming Ban’ – almost exclusively backed by Monsanto and Dow Chemical to defeat the initiative – raised $7,970,686.12 million for its campaign.

Thar’s an amazing $362.22 per vote earned, or $174.43 per total vote cast – 87 times more than ban supporters – leading the Center for Public Integrity to dub it “the most expensive local initiative in the country”.

“Our victory today sends a strong message to the agrochemical industry in Hawai’i, said Ashley Lukens, program director at Hawaii Center for Food Safety. “Community members will not sit idly by and watch these companies threaten the health and safety of our people and our planet.

“Voters saw past the misleading claims of pesticide companies like Monsanto and Dow Chemical and demanded accountability to the community.”

Monsanto uses Hawaii as ‘outdoor lab’ for GMOs and pesticides

Hawaii is used as an outdoor laboratory for companies like Monsanto to test genetically engineered crops and their related pesticides. In 2013 alone there were 1,124 field test sites; California only hosted 184 sites.

Most of these crops are engineered to resist herbicides and pesticides. Testing these crops means repeated spraying of dangerous chemicals near neighborhoods, schools, and waterways.

The initiative passed today suspends all GE operations in the county pending a safety impact review, requiring agrochemical companies to provide funding and data to the county who would complete a health and environmental impact assessment before allowing operations to continue. Violators can be fined $50,000 per offense.

Rather than growing food for local consumption, these operations are researching and developing corn and soy varieties that have been genetically engineered to resist greater applications of their signature pesticides, posing numerous potential health threats to the neighboring communities.

Opponents played on claimed detrimental effects on the economy. According to one TV ad, “This initiative truly has zero aloha. It’s not just GMO. It’s the mom-and-pop store. It’s the coffee shop down the road.

“I don’t know how people will pay their mortgages. I don’t know how people will pay their bills. I don’t know how people will get their medical or send their kids to school or provide clothing for them. This will affect our economy. This will affect our future. “

‘We have a right to know’

But a clear majority of voters saw through the ‘no’ campaign tactics, said Lukens. “The moratorium will impact only 1 percent of the county’s agricultural operations, but Monsanto and Dow Chemical spent millions trying to keep residents from understanding the impacts their activities have on the community.

“This is not a farming ban. This is a demand for assurance of safety in our daily lives. Maui is not the private laboratory of Monsanto. We will not sacrifice our health and safety to protect the profits of mainland corporations.

“We don’t know the long term effects of these experiments on our people or environment. Data from similar operations on Kauai reveals record-breaking use of chemicals with known impacts on the development of young children. We have a right to know if we are being hurt by these experimental operations.”

Monsanto: ‘legally flawed and cannot be enforced’

John Purcell, vice president of Monsanto Hawaii, said the company would challenge the ban in the courts. “To protect our employees and farms, and in support of thousands of local residents who opposed this initiative, Monsanto plans to file a lawsuit challenging the legality of this harmful ban.”

He added that the initiative is “legally flawed and cannot be enforced”, and “invalid and contrary to long established state and federal laws that support both the safety and lawful testing and planting of GMO plants” – raising the question of why Monsanto spent so much money opposing it.

Monsanto is “confident in the safety of our products and our practices that have been reviewed and approved by federal and state agencies”, Purcell insisted, while “the referendum will have significant negative consequences for the local economy, Hawaii agriculture and our business on the island.”

Similar legislation on Kauaʻi Island was ruled invalid by a federal judge earlier this year, blocking the county from regulating the use of pesticides and commercial GMO crops. However the federal judge’s decision is now under appeal.

 


 

Website: voteyesforhealth.org 
Twitter: https://twitter.com/Coalition4Maui
Facebook: www.facebook.com/voteyesformaui

 




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Wyoming’s Gray Wolves win back federal protection – for now Updated for 2026





Federal protections for gray wolves in Wyoming have been reinstated after a judge invalidated the US Fish and Wildlife Service’s 2012 statewide Endangered Species Act delisting of the species.

The ruling from the US District Court halts the management of wolves by Wyoming, a state with a long history of extreme anti-wolf policies.

In an unusual ‘summary judgment’ the Court concluded that it was “arbitrary and capricious for the Service to rely on the state’s nonbinding promises to maintain a particular number of wolves when the availability of that specific numerical buffer was such a critical aspect of the delisting decision.”

The September 2012 federal delisting of wolves in Wyoming turned wolf management over to the state – which opened up over 80% of its land to unlimited wolf killing and provided weak protections for wolves in the remainder. Since the delisting, 219 wolves have been killed under Wyoming’s management.

Prior to the 2012 reversal of its position, the Fish and Wildlife Service denied Wyoming the authority to manage wolves in the state due to its anti-wolf laws and policies.

A victory for the wolves, at last!

“The court has ruled and Wyoming’s kill-on-sight approach to wolf management throughout much of the state must stop”, said Earthjustice attorney Tim Preso, who represented Defenders of Wildlife, Natural Resources Defense Council, the Sierra Club and the Center for Biological Diversity.

The ruling, he added “restores much-needed federal protection to wolves throughout Wyoming, which allowed killing along the borders of Yellowstone National Park and throughout national forest lands south of Jackson Hole where wolves were treated as vermin under state management.

“If Wyoming wants to resume management of wolves, it must develop a legitimate conservation plan that ensures a vibrant wolf population in the Northern Rockies.”

The conservation groups joined to challenge the 2012 decision on grounds that Wyoming law authorized unlimited wolf killing in a ‘predator zone’ that extended throughout most of the state, and provided inadequate protection for wolves even where killing was regulated.

Now, an even bigger battle ahead

An even bigger battle is now looming, as the Fish and Wildlife Service is currently proposing to remove Endangered Species Act protection for most gray wolves across the United States. A final decision could be made later this year.

However the judgement on Wyoming’s wolves may force the Fish and Wildlife Service into a rethink as it ponders its implications. In particular, any reliance on non-binding assurances by states on matters of importance in wolf management would likely be subject to sucessful challenge.

“Delisting gray wolves in Wyoming by the Obama administration was premature and a violation of federal law”, observed Defenders of Wildlife President and CEO Jamie Rappaport Clark.

Bonnie Rice of the Sierra Club’s Greater Yellowstone Our Wild America Campaign commented: “The court has rightly recognized the deep flaws in Wyoming’s wolf management plan. Wolves in Wyoming must have federal protection until the state gets it right.

“That means developing a science-based management plan that recognizes the many benefits wolves bring to the region instead of vermin that can be shot on sight in the majority of the state.”

The Court did not support other elements of the plaintiff’s case in its summary judgment. For example, it did “not find the Service’s conclusion that the predator zone is not a significant portion of the wolves’ range to be arbitrary, capricious, or not in accordance with the law.”

However it is highly probable that this and other questions will be subject to future legal challenge if Fish & Wildlife persists with its devolution policy.

From 2 million gray wolves, to 5,500

There were once up to 2 million gray wolves living in North America, but the animals were driven to near-extinction in the lower 48 states by the early 1900s.

After passage of the federal Endangered Species Act in 1973 and protection of the wolf as endangered, federal recovery programs resulted in the rebound of wolf populations in limited parts of the country.

Roughly 5,500 wolves currently live in the continental United States – a fraction of the species’ historic numbers.

 

 




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Wyoming’s Gray Wolves win back federal protection – for now Updated for 2026





Federal protections for gray wolves in Wyoming have been reinstated after a judge invalidated the US Fish and Wildlife Service’s 2012 statewide Endangered Species Act delisting of the species.

The ruling from the US District Court halts the management of wolves by Wyoming, a state with a long history of extreme anti-wolf policies.

In an unusual ‘summary judgment’ the Court concluded that it was “arbitrary and capricious for the Service to rely on the state’s nonbinding promises to maintain a particular number of wolves when the availability of that specific numerical buffer was such a critical aspect of the delisting decision.”

The September 2012 federal delisting of wolves in Wyoming turned wolf management over to the state – which opened up over 80% of its land to unlimited wolf killing and provided weak protections for wolves in the remainder. Since the delisting, 219 wolves have been killed under Wyoming’s management.

Prior to the 2012 reversal of its position, the Fish and Wildlife Service denied Wyoming the authority to manage wolves in the state due to its anti-wolf laws and policies.

A victory for the wolves, at last!

“The court has ruled and Wyoming’s kill-on-sight approach to wolf management throughout much of the state must stop”, said Earthjustice attorney Tim Preso, who represented Defenders of Wildlife, Natural Resources Defense Council, the Sierra Club and the Center for Biological Diversity.

The ruling, he added “restores much-needed federal protection to wolves throughout Wyoming, which allowed killing along the borders of Yellowstone National Park and throughout national forest lands south of Jackson Hole where wolves were treated as vermin under state management.

“If Wyoming wants to resume management of wolves, it must develop a legitimate conservation plan that ensures a vibrant wolf population in the Northern Rockies.”

The conservation groups joined to challenge the 2012 decision on grounds that Wyoming law authorized unlimited wolf killing in a ‘predator zone’ that extended throughout most of the state, and provided inadequate protection for wolves even where killing was regulated.

Now, an even bigger battle ahead

An even bigger battle is now looming, as the Fish and Wildlife Service is currently proposing to remove Endangered Species Act protection for most gray wolves across the United States. A final decision could be made later this year.

However the judgement on Wyoming’s wolves may force the Fish and Wildlife Service into a rethink as it ponders its implications. In particular, any reliance on non-binding assurances by states on matters of importance in wolf management would likely be subject to sucessful challenge.

“Delisting gray wolves in Wyoming by the Obama administration was premature and a violation of federal law”, observed Defenders of Wildlife President and CEO Jamie Rappaport Clark.

Bonnie Rice of the Sierra Club’s Greater Yellowstone Our Wild America Campaign commented: “The court has rightly recognized the deep flaws in Wyoming’s wolf management plan. Wolves in Wyoming must have federal protection until the state gets it right.

“That means developing a science-based management plan that recognizes the many benefits wolves bring to the region instead of vermin that can be shot on sight in the majority of the state.”

The Court did not support other elements of the plaintiff’s case in its summary judgment. For example, it did “not find the Service’s conclusion that the predator zone is not a significant portion of the wolves’ range to be arbitrary, capricious, or not in accordance with the law.”

However it is highly probable that this and other questions will be subject to future legal challenge if Fish & Wildlife persists with its devolution policy.

From 2 million gray wolves, to 5,500

There were once up to 2 million gray wolves living in North America, but the animals were driven to near-extinction in the lower 48 states by the early 1900s.

After passage of the federal Endangered Species Act in 1973 and protection of the wolf as endangered, federal recovery programs resulted in the rebound of wolf populations in limited parts of the country.

Roughly 5,500 wolves currently live in the continental United States – a fraction of the species’ historic numbers.

 

 




384696

Wyoming’s Gray Wolves win back federal protection – for now Updated for 2026





Federal protections for gray wolves in Wyoming have been reinstated after a judge invalidated the US Fish and Wildlife Service’s 2012 statewide Endangered Species Act delisting of the species.

The ruling from the US District Court halts the management of wolves by Wyoming, a state with a long history of extreme anti-wolf policies.

In an unusual ‘summary judgment’ the Court concluded that it was “arbitrary and capricious for the Service to rely on the state’s nonbinding promises to maintain a particular number of wolves when the availability of that specific numerical buffer was such a critical aspect of the delisting decision.”

The September 2012 federal delisting of wolves in Wyoming turned wolf management over to the state – which opened up over 80% of its land to unlimited wolf killing and provided weak protections for wolves in the remainder. Since the delisting, 219 wolves have been killed under Wyoming’s management.

Prior to the 2012 reversal of its position, the Fish and Wildlife Service denied Wyoming the authority to manage wolves in the state due to its anti-wolf laws and policies.

A victory for the wolves, at last!

“The court has ruled and Wyoming’s kill-on-sight approach to wolf management throughout much of the state must stop”, said Earthjustice attorney Tim Preso, who represented Defenders of Wildlife, Natural Resources Defense Council, the Sierra Club and the Center for Biological Diversity.

The ruling, he added “restores much-needed federal protection to wolves throughout Wyoming, which allowed killing along the borders of Yellowstone National Park and throughout national forest lands south of Jackson Hole where wolves were treated as vermin under state management.

“If Wyoming wants to resume management of wolves, it must develop a legitimate conservation plan that ensures a vibrant wolf population in the Northern Rockies.”

The conservation groups joined to challenge the 2012 decision on grounds that Wyoming law authorized unlimited wolf killing in a ‘predator zone’ that extended throughout most of the state, and provided inadequate protection for wolves even where killing was regulated.

Now, an even bigger battle ahead

An even bigger battle is now looming, as the Fish and Wildlife Service is currently proposing to remove Endangered Species Act protection for most gray wolves across the United States. A final decision could be made later this year.

However the judgement on Wyoming’s wolves may force the Fish and Wildlife Service into a rethink as it ponders its implications. In particular, any reliance on non-binding assurances by states on matters of importance in wolf management would likely be subject to sucessful challenge.

“Delisting gray wolves in Wyoming by the Obama administration was premature and a violation of federal law”, observed Defenders of Wildlife President and CEO Jamie Rappaport Clark.

Bonnie Rice of the Sierra Club’s Greater Yellowstone Our Wild America Campaign commented: “The court has rightly recognized the deep flaws in Wyoming’s wolf management plan. Wolves in Wyoming must have federal protection until the state gets it right.

“That means developing a science-based management plan that recognizes the many benefits wolves bring to the region instead of vermin that can be shot on sight in the majority of the state.”

The Court did not support other elements of the plaintiff’s case in its summary judgment. For example, it did “not find the Service’s conclusion that the predator zone is not a significant portion of the wolves’ range to be arbitrary, capricious, or not in accordance with the law.”

However it is highly probable that this and other questions will be subject to future legal challenge if Fish & Wildlife persists with its devolution policy.

From 2 million gray wolves, to 5,500

There were once up to 2 million gray wolves living in North America, but the animals were driven to near-extinction in the lower 48 states by the early 1900s.

After passage of the federal Endangered Species Act in 1973 and protection of the wolf as endangered, federal recovery programs resulted in the rebound of wolf populations in limited parts of the country.

Roughly 5,500 wolves currently live in the continental United States – a fraction of the species’ historic numbers.

 

 




384696

Wyoming’s Gray Wolves win back federal protection – for now Updated for 2026





Federal protections for gray wolves in Wyoming have been reinstated after a judge invalidated the US Fish and Wildlife Service’s 2012 statewide Endangered Species Act delisting of the species.

The ruling from the US District Court halts the management of wolves by Wyoming, a state with a long history of extreme anti-wolf policies.

In an unusual ‘summary judgment’ the Court concluded that it was “arbitrary and capricious for the Service to rely on the state’s nonbinding promises to maintain a particular number of wolves when the availability of that specific numerical buffer was such a critical aspect of the delisting decision.”

The September 2012 federal delisting of wolves in Wyoming turned wolf management over to the state – which opened up over 80% of its land to unlimited wolf killing and provided weak protections for wolves in the remainder. Since the delisting, 219 wolves have been killed under Wyoming’s management.

Prior to the 2012 reversal of its position, the Fish and Wildlife Service denied Wyoming the authority to manage wolves in the state due to its anti-wolf laws and policies.

A victory for the wolves, at last!

“The court has ruled and Wyoming’s kill-on-sight approach to wolf management throughout much of the state must stop”, said Earthjustice attorney Tim Preso, who represented Defenders of Wildlife, Natural Resources Defense Council, the Sierra Club and the Center for Biological Diversity.

The ruling, he added “restores much-needed federal protection to wolves throughout Wyoming, which allowed killing along the borders of Yellowstone National Park and throughout national forest lands south of Jackson Hole where wolves were treated as vermin under state management.

“If Wyoming wants to resume management of wolves, it must develop a legitimate conservation plan that ensures a vibrant wolf population in the Northern Rockies.”

The conservation groups joined to challenge the 2012 decision on grounds that Wyoming law authorized unlimited wolf killing in a ‘predator zone’ that extended throughout most of the state, and provided inadequate protection for wolves even where killing was regulated.

Now, an even bigger battle ahead

An even bigger battle is now looming, as the Fish and Wildlife Service is currently proposing to remove Endangered Species Act protection for most gray wolves across the United States. A final decision could be made later this year.

However the judgement on Wyoming’s wolves may force the Fish and Wildlife Service into a rethink as it ponders its implications. In particular, any reliance on non-binding assurances by states on matters of importance in wolf management would likely be subject to sucessful challenge.

“Delisting gray wolves in Wyoming by the Obama administration was premature and a violation of federal law”, observed Defenders of Wildlife President and CEO Jamie Rappaport Clark.

Bonnie Rice of the Sierra Club’s Greater Yellowstone Our Wild America Campaign commented: “The court has rightly recognized the deep flaws in Wyoming’s wolf management plan. Wolves in Wyoming must have federal protection until the state gets it right.

“That means developing a science-based management plan that recognizes the many benefits wolves bring to the region instead of vermin that can be shot on sight in the majority of the state.”

The Court did not support other elements of the plaintiff’s case in its summary judgment. For example, it did “not find the Service’s conclusion that the predator zone is not a significant portion of the wolves’ range to be arbitrary, capricious, or not in accordance with the law.”

However it is highly probable that this and other questions will be subject to future legal challenge if Fish & Wildlife persists with its devolution policy.

From 2 million gray wolves, to 5,500

There were once up to 2 million gray wolves living in North America, but the animals were driven to near-extinction in the lower 48 states by the early 1900s.

After passage of the federal Endangered Species Act in 1973 and protection of the wolf as endangered, federal recovery programs resulted in the rebound of wolf populations in limited parts of the country.

Roughly 5,500 wolves currently live in the continental United States – a fraction of the species’ historic numbers.

 

 




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